紫云英与双季稻秸秆协同利用影响稻田土壤钾循环与平衡

稻草还田和冬种绿肥是维持稻田地力和化肥替代的重要方式之一.本研究以在湖南酸性红黄泥和碱性紫潮泥两种典型稻田土壤上进行了2年的紫云英-双季稻定位试验为对象,分析紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用对稻田土壤K循环的影响.两土壤试验处理一致,包括稻田冬闲(FRR)、冬种紫云英(MvRR)及冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用(MvRR+St)3个处理.结果表明:与冬闲和冬种紫云英相比,紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用未影响红黄泥土壤各形态钾的含量,但显著提高紫潮泥土壤速效钾和非交换性钾的含量,其中紫潮泥土壤水溶性钾、非特殊吸附钾及特殊吸附钾的含量较冬种紫云英处理分别提高了134.0％、93.0％、73.4％;两种典型稻田土壤上紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用显著提高下茬作物紫云英的全K含量及吸K量,且紫云英的吸K量为紫潮泥>红黄泥;两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用均未影响早、晚稻产量及籽粒K积累;在稻田各种植季和周年目前的K投入水平下,两种典型稻田土壤上冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用处理均存在K盈余(红黄泥K盈余量为401.15 kg·hm-2、紫潮泥K盈余量为403.42 kg·hm-2),说明冬种紫云英与水稻秸秆协同利用能减少双季稻生产中的化学钾肥投入量.综上所述,紫云英和双季稻秸秆协同利用有益于稻田土壤的K循环与平衡.     

柠条枝条覆盖对宁夏荒漠草原土壤水热及补播牧草生物量的影响

干旱是影响宁夏东部沙化区荒漠草地退化的主要自然因素,也是天然草地补播成功率低的主要原因,该地区大面积种植的柠条是土壤覆盖保水的丰富资源,但是缺乏相关研究。选择平坦的、未生长柠条的退化天然补播草地作为研究对象,在临近有柠条生长的草地平茬其柠条枝条用于试验覆盖,研究不同柠条覆盖厚度（TSM₀,覆盖0 cm;TSM₁,覆盖1 cm;TSM₂,覆盖2 cm;TSM₃,覆盖3 cm）对该地区荒漠草地0~40 cm土壤水热以及补播牧草地上生物量的影响。结果表明,柠条枝条覆盖显著提高了土壤含水量,并且随着覆盖厚度的增加逐渐增大,但2018和2019年间所有覆盖处理下0~20 cm土壤水分平均值与TSM₀之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;在20~40 cm土层,3种柠条枝条覆盖厚度明显较对照提高了土壤水分含量,表现出TSM₃>TSM₂>TSM₁>TSM₀的趋势。结果还表明,柠条枝条覆盖还具有降低草地0~10 cm温度的作用,生长季8：00、14：00和18：00的土壤温度总体均随着柠条枝条覆盖厚度的增加出现降低趋势,且2019年土壤温度随着覆盖厚度的增加,变异系数也在减小,依次为4.6%、2.3%、1.7%,表明覆盖对土壤温度的变化具有缓冲作用。补播牧草地上生物量亦随着覆盖厚度的增加而增大,蒙古冰草、沙打旺及补播的3种牧草的总生物量均与草地20~40 cm土壤水分呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。本研究表明,柠条枝条覆盖有效地改善了荒漠草地土壤的水热,提高了土壤墒情,为牧草种植提供了良好的生长环境,可为该地区及类似地区退化草地的补播改良提供技术借鉴。     

Feeding value of enset (Ensete ventricosum), Desmodium intortum hay and untreated or urea and calcium oxide treated wheat straw for sheep

Feed intake, in vivo nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization were evaluated in male sheep fed different fractions (leaf, pseudostem, corm, whole plant) of enset, untreated or 2% urea‐ and 3% calcium oxide‐ (CaO or lime) treated wheat straw and Desmodium intortum hay as sole diets. All feeds, except D. intortum hay and enset leaf had low crude protein (CP) content. Non‐fiber carbohydrate contents were higher in enset fractions, especially in pseudostem and corm relative to other feeds. Enset leaf and pseudostem had high calcium, phosphorus and manganese contents. Corm, whole enset and D. intortum hay were rich sources of zinc. Daily dry matter and CP intakes were higher (p < 0.05) in sheep fed D. intortum hay (830 and 133 g, respectively) than those fed pseudostem (92 and 7.8 g, respectively). Organic matter digestibilities were highest for corm (0.780) and whole enset (0.776) and lowest for D. intortum hay (0.534) and untreated wheat straw (0.522). The CP digestibility ranged from 0.636 in D. intortum hay to 0.408 in corm. Nitrogen (N) balance was highest (p < 0.05) in D. intortum hay (10.4 g/day) and lowest in corm (?1.3 g/day). Enset leaf could be a useful protein supplement whereas the pseudostem and corm could be good sources of energy.     

不同稻秸基质处理对高羊茅无土草皮成坪天数及坪用价值的影响

 运用五因素二次正交旋转组合设计法,研究不同处理稻秸基质（处理Ⅰ：稻秸＋ 猪粪便＋ 秸秆腐熟剂;处理Ⅱ：稻秸＋猪粪便;处理Ⅲ：稻秸＋ 尿素＋ 秸秆腐熟剂;处理Ⅳ：稻秸＋ 尿素）和不同基质厚度（１０,１５,２０,２５ 和３０ｍｍ）对草皮成坪天数的影响。结果表明,对成坪天数影响最大的是处理Ⅰ基质,其次是基质厚度,再者是处理Ⅲ基质,其他２种基质对成坪天数的影响最小。在坪用价值为限定条件下,得出最优基质组合,其配比为处理Ⅰ 为６００ｇ,处理Ⅱ为６００ｇ,处理Ⅲ 为０ｇ,处理Ⅳ 为６００ｇ,基质厚度为２０ ｍｍ,成坪时间为３６．３３ｄ,坪用价值权重值为１０８．６１。     

Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows

Three, multiparous Holstein crossbred dairy cows with initial body weight of 385 ± 19 kg were randomly allocated to 3 treatments of rice straw (T1 = untreated rice straw; T2 = 5.5% urea-treated rice straw (5 g urea in 100 ml water to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw); T3 = 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw (2.0 g urea and 2.0 g Ca(OH)₂ in 100 ml to 100 g air-dry (91% DM) straw) according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each period lasted for 21 days in which feed, feces and rumen fluid were collected during the last 7 days for chemical analyses. The findings revealed significant improvements in dry matter intake and digestibility by using 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw. Ruminal pH and NH₃-N were found higher (P < 0.05) as compared with urea-treated rice straw fed group, while blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were in normal ranges. Volatile fatty acid concentrations especially those of acetic acid were decreased (P < 0.05) and those of propionic acid were increased (P < 0.05), thus acetic acid:propionic acid was subsequently lowered (P < 0.05) in cows fed with 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, respectively. Moreover, ruminal viable and cellulolytic bacterial counts were enhanced by urea and calcium hydroxide treatments. Milk protein and fat concentrations were additionally increased by respective treatments while 3.5% fat-corrected milk was highest; ranking from 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw, 5.5% urea-treated rice straw and urea-treated rice straw fed groups. Based on this study, implications could be made that using 2.2% urea + 2.2% calcium hydroxide treated rice straw for straw treatment could be an alternative treatment to 5.5% urea treatment with regards to its effectiveness and treatment cost for lactating dairy cows.     

我国观光果园的现状及发展建议

分析了我国观光果园的发展现状及存在的问题,并提出了相关建议。     

“挂壁”法筛选常温稻秆腐解菌及其降解能力研究

采用"挂壁"法对稻秆高效腐解菌群进行富集,并以稻秆粉为唯一碳源筛选到生长能力强的腐解菌12株,进一步复筛从中获得腐解能力较强的细菌2株和真菌2株,通过16S rDNA、ITS序列分析及菌株形态学观察,初步鉴定菌株GS2-3、ZJA-6分别为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)和类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus pabuli),菌株ZJB-5、ZJC-1分别为哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum)和拟康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningiopsis).细菌GS2-3、ZJA-6和真菌ZJB-5、ZJC-1均具有较高的纤维素酶和半纤维素酶活性,纤维素酶活力分别达到21.85、13.20、106.48、187.13 U·mL^-1,半纤维素酶活力分别达到960.70、1 879.67、100.64、6 727.30 U·mL^-1;液体培养7 d后,菌株GS2-3、ZJA-6、ZJB-5和ZJC-1对稻秆的相对降解率分别为22.78%、34.25%、33.32%和27.99%,显著高于其他降解菌;土培降解试验表明,4株腐解菌均有较强的腐解稻秆能力,处理28 d后菌株ZJC-1、GS2-3、ZJA-6、ZJB-5的腐解率分别达到23.2%、19.2%、17.8%、14.7%.这表明采用"挂壁"法进行优势菌群的富集,为针对性地获得稻秆还田腐解菌提供了新的思路.     

杉木种子园种子品质的观测和分析

为了提高杉木种子园的播种品质，１９９１～１９９４年在贵州黎平、天柱、锦屏和四川洪雅林场杉木种子园开展了有关试验和观测．研究认为：在种子园花粉产量较低，散粉期多雨的年份，种子品质较差；各无性系种子品质的排序在年份间的相关性较弱，但种子质量较高或较低的两类无性系在种子园不同大区和不同年份间仍较稳定，因此，从种子品质考虑对无性系作再选择是有效的；自交是出现涩籽的一个主要因素，与空籽的形成关系不大，空籽产生的直接原因是授粉不足；在开花盛期对幼树和可授期较早或较晚的无性系进行一次辅助授粉能收到明显的效果     

稿秆还地的土壤微生物效应

通过田间和盆钵试验,研究红壤旱地4种种植方式下,稿秆还地对土壤微生物区系和群落的消长,以及土壤酶活性的影响。研究结果表明:土壤微生物和酶的活性受制于季风气候下的水热状况,并制约有机物质的矿质化—腐殖化过程;纤维分解率是春末仲夏>伏夏初秋>冬季;稿秆自养循环的培肥增产效果以油菜/花生制最好。在生产中应配施氮化肥,以充分发挥有机肥的微生物学效应。     

季节性干旱丘区稻田麦秸覆盖的节水效应研究

2004~2005在季节性干旱的丘陵地区对麦秸覆盖稻作的节水效应进行了研究。结果表明:在该生态区采用旱育秧技术,培育多蘖壮秧,旋耕后采用宽窄行移栽,田间苗数达到225×104.hm-2时用等面积的小麦秸秆全量覆盖宽行的技术模式,可节水30.04%,增产5.88%,水分生产率提高0.52 kg.m-3,灌溉水的水分生产率提高1.24 kg.m-3;全程节本增效1129.70元.hm-2。稻田麦秸覆盖的节水效果与秧苗栽插方式有关,与麦秸还田量成正相关;翻耕比免耕节水、高产高效。